TEMPO: the general speed of a movement, often described with an Italian name [SG]
PERPETUAL MOTION: description of a melody with a new note on every single beat
DOTTED rhythm: a long-short-long rhythm (the long notes being thrice as long)
FRENCH STYLE: characterized by dotted rhythms, rich chords, a stately tempo, and perhaps trumpets and drums
PRELUDE: a short opening movement
FUGUE: a contrapuntal movement in which a subject first enters in one voice after another, then is constantly repeated and developed [SG]
SUBJECT: the opening and main theme of a fugue
COUNTERSUBJECT: the secondary theme of a fugue, played by the first voice when the second one enters
EPISODE: in a fugue, a passage between complete statements of the subject
INVERSION: turning a melody upside down, replacing low notes by high ones and vice versa
STRETTO: tightly overlapping imitation, with entrances on each others' heels
PEDAL POINT: a very long bass note, often establishing a key or heralding the end of a piece
CODA: a brief concluding passage, like an afterthought
VIRTUOSO: showcasing the technical prowess of an outstanding performer
CONCERTO: a piece in several movements for orchestra, highlighting one or more solo instruments
CANTATA: a piece in several movements for orchestra, singers, and (usually) chorus
ANTIPHONAL: tossing a melody back and forth between two voices
OBBLIGATO: in the Baroque, an elaborate instrumental line accompanying a singer
DA CAPO aria: an aria whose beginning is repeated at its end, i.e. of the form ABA
CHORALE: a homophonic setting of a hymn tune for chorus, such as in the last movement of a cantata